Resting HRV Sample Entropy Predicts the Magnitude of Post-Exercise Vagal Withdrawal in Young Adults

Background and Objectives: Acute exercise lowers vagal HRV, yet it is unclear who will show the largest drop and whether simple questionnaires can identify them. To test whether resting HRV complexity (Sample Entropy) predicts the magnitude of acute vagal withdrawal and whether this physiology-based marker has greater practical utility than self-report activity/sleep measures for screening and recovery decisions. Materials and Methods: In a single-arm pre-post experimental study, twenty-nine students (20.4 ± 0.5 y; 13 males, 16 females) completed one morning visit (08:00-12:00 h). After a 2 min resting ECG and a Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), participants cycled 15 min at 0.85 × (220 - age) bpm following a 5 min 25 W warm-up. HRV was re-recorded within ~2 min and SART ~5 min post exercise. The IPAQ defined low/medium/high activity tertiles. Correlations related baseline measures to change scores. Results: RMSSD decreased by -12.93 ms [-25.71, -2.03] (p = 0.003, r = 0.60) and SDNN by -14.91 ms [-22.30, 7.66] (p = 0.011, r = 0.51). Reaction time shortened slightly (-8.77 ms [-59.33, 30.40], p = 0.35). Activity tertiles did not differ in ΔRMSSD, ΔSDNN, or ΔRT (all p > 0.10). Sample Entropy predicted autonomic change (ΔRMSSD r = 0.43, p = 0.034; ΔSDNN r = 0.59, p = 0.002), whereas the PSQI and IPAQ did not. Equivalence tests showed non-significant tertile differences were not within our predefined equivalence bounds. Conclusions: Individuals with more complex resting HRV were more likely to show a larger immediate vagal withdrawal after moderate cycling. Questionnaires did not identify these responders. Non-linear HRV may aid practical screening/monitoring, whereas self-reports alone appear insufficient. Generalizability is limited by the homogeneous young adult sample.