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Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Glycemic Status and Growth Delay in Korean Children Aged 18-36 Months: A Population-Based

Eun-Jung Oh1, Yeeun Han2, Tae-Eun Kim3

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Chungju Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju 27376, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|October 29, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are linked to delayed growth in children. Optimizing maternal glycemic control before pregnancy is crucial for healthy child development.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Maternal pre-pregnancy glycemic status is a critical factor influencing fetal development and long-term child health.
  • Understanding the association between maternal hyperglycemia and offspring growth is essential for early intervention strategies.
  • Nationwide health screening data provides a robust platform for investigating population-level health trends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy glycemic status (normal, impaired fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus) and offspring growth delay.
  • To assess the impact of maternal hyperglycemia on visual and auditory development in children.
  • To identify potential risks for delayed child development linked to maternal glycemic control.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort analysis of 258,367 mother-child dyads born between 2014-2021.
  • Categorization of maternal glycemic status: normal (<100 mg/dL), impaired fasting glucose (IFG, 100-125 mg/dL), diabetes mellitus (DM, ≥126 mg/dL).
  • Growth delay defined as <10th percentile for height, weight, head circumference; visual/auditory development assessed via questionnaires; weighted relative risks (RRs) calculated.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of growth delay: 3.5% (height), 3.8% (weight), 4.3% (head circumference). Visual/auditory issues reported in 1.2% and 8.2% of children.
  • Both DM (1.2%) and IFG (9.3%) groups exhibited increased risks of growth delay in offspring across assessed age periods.
  • Maternal hyperglycemia was significantly associated with offspring's visual and auditory development, with observed age- and period-specific differences.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal pre-pregnancy glycemic status is significantly associated with delayed growth in Korean children aged 18-36 months.
  • The study underscores the critical importance of optimizing maternal glycemic control before conception.
  • Effective pre-pregnancy glycemic management is vital for promoting favorable child developmental outcomes and preventing growth delays.

Keywords:
administrative claimsdiabetes mellitusglucosegrowthhealth careprediabetes

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