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Superficial Fungal Infections in Children-What Do We Know?

Katarzyna Rychlik^1,2, Julia Sternicka-Rohde¹, Roman J Nowicki^1,2

¹Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|October 29, 2025

Summary

Superficial fungal infections like athlete's foot and onychomycosis are common in children, influenced by hygiene and immune status. This review covers pediatric epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these skin, hair, and nail fungal conditions.

Keywords:

children dermatology dermatophyte fungi mycoses pediatric superficial fungal infections

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Area of Science:

Dermatology
Mycology
Pediatrics

Background:

Superficial fungal infections affect skin, hair, and nails, caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds.
Risk factors include humid climates, immunodeficiency, diabetes, and poor socioeconomic conditions.
Children are especially vulnerable due to immature immune systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current epidemiological trends of superficial fungal infections in children.
To explore diagnostic practices for pediatric fungal infections.
To discuss available treatment options for superficial mycoses in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

Literature review of epidemiological data.
Analysis of diagnostic approaches for pediatric fungal infections.
Synthesis of current treatment strategies for superficial mycoses.

Main Results:

Scalp mycoses commonly caused by Trichophyton and Microsporum species.
Onychomycosis, though rare in young children, is increasingly linked to atopy and immune disorders.
Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes are frequent pathogens in pediatric onychomycosis.

Conclusions:

Superficial fungal infections pose a significant challenge in pediatric populations.
Accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment are crucial for effective management.
Preventive measures focusing on hygiene and risk factor management are essential to reduce recurrence.