Tuberculosis Today: Microbial Insights, Epidemiological Trends, and the Role of Molecular Diagnostics

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a global health problem. One of the characteristic features of mycobacteria is their exceptional resistance to environmental factors and their slow growth rate, both of which significantly prolong microbiological diagnostics. Due to the mortality rate and the rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), early detection and prompt initiation of treatment are extremely important. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as microscopic examination and culture on solid and liquid media, are still important, but are time-consuming and resource-intensive. However, the dynamic development of nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs), genotyping assays, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has accelerated the identification of mycobacteria and the detection of drug resistance. Early and precise diagnosis is essential for effective disease control and improved treatment outcomes. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on tuberculosis; including biological and structural characteristics of mycobacteria; the epidemiology of the disease; and the role of the main diagnostic methods; with a particular focus on molecular methods and MALDI-TOF MS. This paper highlights their advantages and limitations and discusses their implications for the future of TB diagnosis and control.