Multifaceted Antibiotic Resistance in Diabetic Foot Infections: A Systematic Review

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are a significant complication in patients with diabetes, often leading to severe clinical complications including amputation and increased mortality rates. The effective management of these infections is complicated by the rise in antibiotic resistance among the microbial populations involved. In this paper, we undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the bacterial profiles, as well as their antibiotic resistance patterns in DFIs, encompassing studies published between 2014 and 2024. A total of 28 studies were selected from several databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect, published from 2014 to 2024, specifically focusing on diabetic foot infections and antibiotic resistance. Diabetic foot infections arise from a combination of factors, including peripheral neuropathy, poor circulation, and immune system impairment, making diabetic patients prone to unnoticed injuries, impaired wound healing, and a higher risk of infections. The severity of DFIs often depends on the size and depth of the ulcers, with larger, deeper ulcers posing additional risks of infection and complications, such as osteomyelitis and sepsis. Our study synthesizes information on the total isolates of microbes, their resistance to one or more groups of antibiotics, and resistance panel results across multiple antibiotics, including amoxicillin/clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and others. We meticulously catalog the resistance of key bacterial strains-Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and others-highlighting patterns of resistance to single and multiple antibiotic groups. This systematic review also analyzes the correlations of various comorbidities reported by the diabetic foot infection patient populations in the included studies with multiple antibiotic resistance patterns. Subsequently, this analytical review study addresses the rising prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and underscores the need for antibiotic stewardship programs to promote judicious use of antibiotics, reduce the spread of resistant strains, and enhance therapeutic outcomes. In addition, the review discusses the implications of resistance to empirical antibiotic treatments, underscoring the necessity for tailored antibiotic therapy based on culture and sensitivity results to optimize treatment outcomes.