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Development of a Rotation-Robust PPG Sensor for a Smart Ring.

Min Wang1, Wenqi Shi1, Jianyu Zhang1

  • 1School of Integrated Circuits (School of Information Science and Electronic Engineering), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel rotation-robust photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for smart rings, improving vital sign monitoring accuracy. The developed sensor ensures reliable heart rate estimation despite ring movement, crucial for cardiovascular disease management.

Keywords:
LED-PD angleMonte Carlo simulationphotoplethysmography (PPG)rotation-robustsmart ringwearable sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Wearable Technology
  • Optical Sensing

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading global cause of death, necessitating continuous vital sign monitoring.
  • Photoplethysmography (PPG) is ideal for wearable devices, with smart rings offering comfort and high-quality signal capture.
  • Ring rotation disrupts PPG signal accuracy due to altered optical paths, especially with multi-wavelength light.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and develop a rotation-robust PPG sensor specifically for smart ring applications.
  • To optimize LED-photodiode angles for enhanced photon penetration and signal quality.
  • To evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the developed smart ring prototype for vital sign monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Monte Carlo simulations were used to analyze photon transmission across various LED-photodiode angles.
  • A symmetrical sensor design with optimized green light angles (±30°) was developed.
  • A prototype smart ring was built to record multi-channel PPG, acceleration, and temperature data.

Main Results:

  • Optimal light penetration into the microcirculation layer was identified at specific LED-photodiode angles.
  • The prototype smart ring demonstrated reliable PPG acquisition with low average current consumption (0.59 mA).
  • Heart rate estimation achieved low mean absolute errors (0.78-0.82 bpm) across green, red, and infrared light.

Conclusions:

  • The developed rotation-robust PPG sensor design is effective for smart rings.
  • This technology offers a promising solution for accurate, continuous vital sign monitoring in wearable devices.
  • The findings provide valuable insights for the future development of smart rings for health applications.