Invasive and Non-Invasive Remote Patient Monitoring Devices for Heart Failure: A Comparative Review of Technical...

Heart failure (HF) represents a growing public health concern, driven by rising prevalence and the challenge of frequent, costly (re-)hospitalizations from decompensation. To address these, HF management has progressed towards incorporating devices for remote patient monitoring (RPM), with most being focused on identifying decompensation and providing timely, tailored pharmacological interventions. To date, the pool of devices has enlarged substantially, forming a spectrum of invasive and non-invasive options whose clinical adoption potential is yet to be determined. This review summarizes existing devices for RPM in HF care, with a major focus on technical characteristics and potential clinical efficacy. To unify the two traditionally separated groups, we re-classify the sampled devices in a single taxonomical dimension, the physical location of the sensing element(s), and objectively assess their current development state using the Medical Device Readiness Level, a metric that merges technical and clinical perspectives. Furthermore, we outline additional evaluative metrics within two complementary dimensions, focused on process efficiency and patient outcomes, ultimately offering a structured framework to evaluate clinical adoption.