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Light Acquisition

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Published on: July 29, 2019

Understanding Callus Types in Maize by Genetic Mapping and Transcriptional Profiling.

Guifang Lin^1,2, Yan Liu³, Tej Man Tamang^1,4

¹Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

|October 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Maize callus development, crucial for plant transformation, was studied using two parent lines. Genetic analysis identified specific chromosome regions and genes influencing desirable Type II callus formation, enhancing regeneration potential.

Keywords:

culturability maize plant transformation regeneration

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Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

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Area of Science:

Plant Biotechnology
Maize Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Plant transformation efficiency varies by species, genotype, and tissue.
Immature maize embryos are key for transformation, relying on callus development for regeneration.
Two main callus types, Type I and Type II, arise from maize immature embryos, with Type II being favorable for regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify genetic factors controlling callus type determination in maize.
To understand the genetic basis of Type II callus formation for improved transformation efficiency.
To investigate gene expression differences between Type I and Type II calli and within heterogeneous A188 calli.

Main Methods:

Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) and Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis on a B73 x A188 F2 maize population.
Bulk Segregant RNA-sequencing (BSR-seq) to analyze gene expression differences between callus types.
Transcriptional comparison of fast- and slow-growing sectors within A188 calli.

Main Results:

QTL analysis identified significant loci for callus type on maize chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
A188 alleles on chromosome 6 and B73 alleles on chromosomes 2, 5, 8, and 9 promote Type II callus formation.
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between callus types and within heterogeneous calli were identified, enriched in cell-wall organization and wax biosynthesis pathways.

Conclusions:

Genetic loci influencing maize callus type and regeneration potential have been mapped.
Specific alleles from A188 and B73 parental lines contribute to desirable Type II callus formation.
Gene expression analysis reveals pathways involved in callus growth and morphology, offering targets for improving maize transformation.