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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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Optimized High-Input Practice Enhances Wheat Productivity and Water Use Efficiency by Improving Root Distribution and

Haicheng Xu¹, Fei Zhao^1,2, Yuhai Tang¹

¹Shandong Provincial University Laboratory for Protected Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

|October 29, 2025

Summary

Optimized agronomic practices significantly boost wheat yield and resource efficiency by improving root systems and canopy capacity. This strategy enhances water and nitrogen use, leading to higher profits and sustainable farming in the North China Plain.

Keywords:

agronomic practice canopy capacity root distribution water use efficiency winter wheat

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Area of Science:

Agronomy and Crop Science
Agricultural Resource Management
Plant Physiology

Background:

Integrated agronomic optimization enhances crop yields and resource use efficiency.
Limited research exists on how these practices improve wheat productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) via root distribution and canopy capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of integrated agronomic optimization on wheat yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen fertilizer productivity (NFP).
To understand the underlying mechanisms, including root distribution and canopy production capacity.

Main Methods:

A two-year field experiment in the North China Plain comparing three treatments: farmer's practice (FP), high-input practice (HP), and optimized high-input practice (OP).
OP involved later sowing, higher planting density, and reduced N fertilizer/irrigation compared to HP and FP.
Evaluated grain yield, WUE, NFP, net profit, root distribution, and canopy photosynthetic rate.

Main Results:

Optimized high-input practice (OP) significantly improved grain yield, WUE, NFP, and net profit compared to farmer's practice (FP).
OP increased average WUE, NFP, and net profit compared to high-input practice (HP), despite slightly lower yield.
OP promoted deeper root systems and higher root length density, enhancing water and nitrogen uptake, and sustained canopy photosynthesis.

Conclusions:

Integrated optimization of agronomic practices (OP) synergistically enhances wheat yield, WUE, and NFP.
This enhancement is achieved by improving root distribution and canopy photosynthetic capacity.
Findings offer actionable insights for high-yielding, efficient, and profitable wheat production systems in the region.