Reconstruction chemistry of electrocatalysts under working conditions

Reconstruction is a common phenomenon in electrocatalytic processes, playing a critical role in determining catalytic activity and stability. With growing fundamental understanding of reconstruction chemistry, the deliberate regulation of reconstruction has emerged as a pivotal strategy for designing ideal electrocatalysts. In this review, we first outline diverse reconstruction processes observed in key catalytic reactions, such as the oxygen evolution reaction and CO₂ reduction reaction. We then summarize the external (e.g., potential, electrolyte, and temperature) and internal factors (e.g., composition, crystal structure, and crystallinity) that govern reconstruction dynamics and subsequent catalytic behavior. Based on these insights, we discuss general approaches to modulate reconstruction, including pre-catalyst design and electrolyte engineering. Furthermore, we highlight advanced in situ/operando characterization techniques that are indispensable for probing reconstruction mechanisms at atomic and electronic levels. Finally, we propose future research directions, emphasizing the need for mechanistic studies coupling multiple characterization techniques with theoretical modelling, as well as the development of reconstruction-resistant or reconstruction-optimized electrocatalysts tailored for industrial applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding and harnessing reconstruction chemistry to design highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts.