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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Virology
    • Zoonotic Disease Epidemiology
    • Public Health Surveillance

    Background:

    • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses continue to circulate globally in wild and domestic birds.
    • Recent surveillance data indicates shifts in host populations and geographic distribution of HPAI A(H5) detections.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize HPAI A(H5) virus detections in animals and humans globally between June and September 2025.
    • To assess the epidemiological trends and potential risks associated with circulating HPAI A(H5) viruses.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of reported HPAI A(H5) virus detections in birds and mammals across Europe and the USA.
    • Review of human avian influenza virus infection cases reported globally during the specified period.
    • Risk assessment for human infection based on current virus circulation and exposure pathways.

    Main Results:

    • 183 HPAI A(H5) detections in European birds (27 domestic, 156 wild), predominantly in seabirds.
    • HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections noted in European wild birds, mammals (Arctic foxes), and US dairy cattle.
    • 19 human avian influenza virus infections reported globally (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India), with most A(H5N1) cases linked to poultry exposure.

    Conclusions:

    • Widespread circulation of HPAI A(H5) viruses in animals poses an ongoing surveillance challenge.
    • Human infections with avian influenza viruses remain rare, with no evidence of human-to-human transmission.
    • The risk to the general public in the EU/EEA from circulating HPAI A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses is low, but moderate for exposed individuals.