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Avian influenza overview June-September 2025
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority
|October 29, 2025
Summary
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections increased in European wild birds, particularly seabirds, with limited human cases reported globally. Human infection risk from circulating HPAI A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in Europe remains low for the general public.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Virology
- Zoonotic Disease Epidemiology
- Public Health Surveillance
Background:
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses continue to circulate globally in wild and domestic birds.
- Recent surveillance data indicates shifts in host populations and geographic distribution of HPAI A(H5) detections.
Purpose of the Study:
- To summarize HPAI A(H5) virus detections in animals and humans globally between June and September 2025.
- To assess the epidemiological trends and potential risks associated with circulating HPAI A(H5) viruses.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of reported HPAI A(H5) virus detections in birds and mammals across Europe and the USA.
- Review of human avian influenza virus infection cases reported globally during the specified period.
- Risk assessment for human infection based on current virus circulation and exposure pathways.
Main Results:
- 183 HPAI A(H5) detections in European birds (27 domestic, 156 wild), predominantly in seabirds.
- HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections noted in European wild birds, mammals (Arctic foxes), and US dairy cattle.
- 19 human avian influenza virus infections reported globally (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India), with most A(H5N1) cases linked to poultry exposure.
Conclusions:
- Widespread circulation of HPAI A(H5) viruses in animals poses an ongoing surveillance challenge.
- Human infections with avian influenza viruses remain rare, with no evidence of human-to-human transmission.
- The risk to the general public in the EU/EEA from circulating HPAI A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses is low, but moderate for exposed individuals.
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