Antimicrobial Resistance: A Rising Global Threat to Public Health

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Public Health
• Environmental Science

Background:

• Penicillin's discovery revolutionized medicine, but widespread antibiotic use fuels antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
• AMR is a significant global threat impacting human and animal health.
• Indiscriminate antibiotic use in healthcare, agriculture, and veterinary medicine accelerates resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance development in pathogens.
• To highlight the environmental role in AMR spread.
• To discuss current and alternative strategies for combating AMR.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of resistance mechanisms (efflux pumps, biofilm, mutation).
• Analysis of environmental factors contributing to AMR (waste, soil, food chain).
• Evaluation of One Health framework and current intervention strategies.

Main Results:

• Pathogen resistance develops via efflux pumps, biofilm formation, receptor downregulation, and mutation.
• Environmental contamination with antibiotic residues and gene exchange are key AMR drivers.
• Antimicrobial stewardship, public awareness, and alternative therapies are crucial.

Conclusions:

• Addressing AMR requires a multifaceted approach, integrating environmental and health sectors.
• The One Health framework offers a comprehensive strategy for AMR surveillance and control.
• Exploring antibiotic alternatives is vital to reduce reliance on conventional antimicrobials and mitigate AMR.