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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
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The cell fragments known as platelets are disc-shaped, with an average diameter of about 3 μm and a thickness of roughly 1 μm. They play a crucial role in the body's vascular clotting system, which also involves plasma proteins, blood cells, and blood vessel tissues.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles PPAs and Related Biomaterials
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Polylysine-based copolymer self-assemblies featuring acidity-activated structural transformation perceives and

Qilong Wu1,2, Chao Fang2,3, Taixia Wang4

  • 1Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.

Regenerative Biomaterials
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A novel acidity-activated copolymer, PPDD, effectively combats sepsis by neutralizing reactive oxygen species, reducing inflammation, and eliminating bacteria. This innovative sepsis treatment significantly improves survival rates and shows promising translational potential.

Keywords:
acidity-activated structural transformationself-assemblysepsissepsis monitoringsepsis pathogenesis targeting

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Sepsis is a life-threatening condition with high mortality due to limited effective treatments.
  • Current interventions struggle to address the complex pathogenesis involving bacterial infection, inflammation, and oxidative stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an acidity-activated polylysine (PLL)-based copolymer self-assembly (PPDD) for sepsis treatment.
  • To investigate PPDD's efficacy in mitigating bacterial infection, inflammation, and oxidative stress in sepsis.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized PPDD by conjugating PEG-PLL with DCFH-DA.
  • Evaluated PPDD's antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo.
  • Assessed PPDD's structural transformation in acidic environments and its impact on therapeutic effects.
  • Monitored sepsis progression and physiological parameters post-treatment.

Main Results:

  • PPDD demonstrated rapid ROS neutralization, significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10), and effective bacterial clearance.
  • Day-14 survival rate reached 80% in the PPDD-treated group, compared to 20% in controls.
  • Acidity-activated structural reconfiguration of PPDD enhanced ROS scavenging and therapeutic efficacy.
  • Biosafety assays showed no hemolysis or organ toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • PPDD is a biocompatible, acidity-responsive material with significant potential for sepsis diagnosis and treatment.
  • The developed PPDD platform offers a promising therapeutic strategy to improve sepsis patient outcomes.
  • Further clinical translation is supported by demonstrated efficacy and safety profiles.