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Updated: Jan 13, 2026
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Author Spotlight: Developing Precise and Clinically Relevant Models for Studying Secondary Degeneration in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
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Injuries in Breaking: An Overview and Synthesis of Case Reports and Letters to the Editor
Hana Brborović1, Sophie Manuela Lindner2,3, Ognjen Brborović4
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Sports Medicine, Andrija Štampar School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
Summary
Breaking injuries, including fractures and dislocations, affect the upper extremities, head, neck, and back. This study reviews 50 years of literature to identify risk factors and high-risk movements in breaking.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Orthopedics
- Dance Science
Background:
- Breaking, or breakdancing, is an athletic discipline debuting in the 2024 Olympics.
- Limited data exists on injury patterns and risk factors in breaking.
- Existing studies offer general insights but lack specific injury mechanism analysis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To classify acute and overuse injuries in breaking.
- To review 50 years of literature on breaking injuries.
- To identify risk factors and high-risk movements associated with injuries in breaking.
Main Methods:
- Literature review using PICO framework, registered at OSF.
- Searched PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EBSCO from 1970s to Dec 2023.
- Included case reports and letters to the editor focusing on breaking injuries.
Main Results:
- 41 papers screened, 36 reviewed, detailing acute and overuse injuries.
- Injuries affect upper extremities, head, neck, and back from high-impact movements (spins, balancing, landing, sliding).
- Acute injuries include fractures/dislocations; chronic issues involve soft tissue damage, stress fractures, nerve compressions. Risk factors: lack of supervision, complex maneuvers.
Conclusions:
- First overview categorizing breaking injuries from case reports and letters.
- Highlights value of medical diagnoses and standardized classification over survey data.
- Understanding injury mechanisms can promote safer practices as breaking evolves into a competitive sport.
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