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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

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Brain Functional Connectivity is Altered in Professional Footballers With Previous Hamstring Injury.

Pedro Piquet Carneiro1,2, José Pedro Correia3, Gabriela Castellano1,2

  • 1IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Footballers with hamstring injuries exhibit reduced brain functional connectivity (FC), indicating greater cognitive effort for motor tasks. Injury severity correlates with this increased neural demand, suggesting potential biomarkers for assessment and rehabilitation.

Keywords:
electroencephalographyfast movementhamstring injuries

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Hamstring injuries are common in footballers.
  • Brain functional connectivity (FC) plays a role in motor control.
  • Understanding the neurological impact of injuries is crucial for rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how hamstring injuries affect brain functional connectivity (FC).
  • To identify potential biomarkers for hamstring injury assessment and rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded brain activity in 129 footballers during a motor task.
  • Brain FC was calculated during rest and activity periods.
  • Statistical analyses included ANOVA and partial correlation to assess FC and injury parameters.

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease in alpha-band FC was observed during activity compared to rest in all players.
  • Injured players showed significantly lower FC during activity and a greater decrease from rest to activity, particularly in frontal and temporal regions.
  • Injury severity was inversely correlated with global, frontal, and parietal connectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced FC in injured footballers suggests increased cognitive effort for motor tasks, involving motor planning and sequencing.
  • Age and injury severity are related to the degree of increased cognitive effort.
  • These findings highlight potential neuroimaging biomarkers for hamstring injury assessment and rehabilitation strategies.