Animal models in leukotriene research: Current insights into complex pathways and therapeutic intervention

Oxylipins are oxygenated bioactive lipid mediators formed from different polyunsaturated fatty acids through the bioactions of cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 enzymes, and participate in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. For example, oxylipins regulate vascular tone, the onset of labor, pain, inflammation, fever and contribute to diseases such as asthma, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and cellular components involved in oxylipin biosynthesis is crucial for developing effective therapies that minimize complications and improve disease outcomes. Thus far, various animal models have increased our understanding of oxylipin biosynthesis and regulation in complex biological environments. These models have also facilitated the discovery of novel drug targets and the evaluation of drug safety and efficacy. However, each species used as a model system has its own advantages and limitations. Here we provide an overview of the most relevant and widely used models in lipid mediator research with a focus on 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathway, emphasizing the significance of animal models in advancing our understanding of the complexities of leukotriene biology and its implications for human health.