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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
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Comprehensive adrenal steroid profiling during frog metamorphosis.

Bidisha Paul1, Siyan Patel1, Anna J Taylor2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.

General and Comparative Endocrinology
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a new LC-MS/MS method to measure adrenal and sex steroids in tadpoles. The method revealed key steroid changes during metamorphosis and in mutant tadpoles, advancing amphibian endocrine research.

Keywords:
CorticosteroidsCyp21a2GlucocorticoidsLC-MS/MSMineralocorticoidsPomcXenopus tropicalis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Amphibian Biology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Adrenal hormone measurement is vital for amphibian studies on stress, development, and conservation.
  • Previous studies lacked quantification of steroid intermediates and in-vivo tadpole steroidogenesis.
  • Existing methods are insufficient for comprehensive steroid profiling in amphibians.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a comprehensive LC-MS/MS method for quantifying 13 corticosteroid hormones/intermediates and 5 sex steroids.
  • To analyze steroid profiles in wild-type tadpole plasma and tail during metamorphosis.
  • To investigate steroidogenesis in pomc and cyp21a2 mutant tadpoles.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.
  • Quantified 18 steroids in plasma and tail samples from tadpoles.
  • Analyzed samples from wild-type and mutant tadpoles (pomc, cyp21a2) during metamorphosis.

Main Results:

  • Identified and quantified 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC), corticosterone (CORT), aldosterone (ALDO), and 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-dehydroCORT) in tadpoles.
  • Observed significant increases (4-5 fold) in these steroids in plasma during metamorphosis.
  • Noted distinct steroid patterns in mutant tadpoles, including CORT reduction in pomc mutants and progesterone accumulation in cyp21a2 mutants.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully established a comprehensive LC-MS/MS method for amphibian steroid analysis.
  • Revealed the in-vivo presence of key steroids like 11-DOC and 11-dehydroCORT in tadpoles.
  • Demonstrated the utility of the method for studying amphibian development, endocrine disruption, and evolution.