Nanocarrier-Based Therapies: A Breakthrough in Parkinson's Disease Management

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the severe neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra. The implicated factors for this include mitochondrial dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and alteration in the signaling pathways. Overall, these events lead to the generation and aggregation of misfolding proteins, i.e., Lewy bodies. These aggregates contribute to the production of oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotransmission imbalance. Hence, impaired cognition and body movements in the PD patients. There are several conventional treatments, such as synthetic drugs and herbal drugs, used to mitigate PD. Despite having enormous potential, their use is limited due to their low permeability, low solubility, and complexation in standardization. However, with the advancement in technology, different NDDS (Novel drug delivery systems) such as vesicular drug delivery systems, SNEDDS (Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System), NPs (Nanoparticles), NLCs (Nano-structure lipid carrier), SLN (Solid lipid nanoparticles), quantum dots, and dendrimers have been explored to overcome the limitations of conventional treatments. Hence, the present review emphasizes a brief introduction to PD, pathogenesis of PD, signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, need for NDDS, and Applications of NDDS in PD. Additionally, patents, clinical trials, and ongoing clinical trials are also covered in the present manuscript.