Late Effects in Survivors of Pediatric Medulloblastoma: A Comprehensive Review

Medulloblastoma (MB) treatment has advanced significantly with the integration of molecular subgrouping, enabling more precise risk stratification and tailored therapies. While survival outcomes have improved, long-term treatment-related morbidity remains a significant challenge. This review summarizes the spectrum of late effects experienced by survivors of pediatric MB. Special attention is placed on the impact of proton therapy in reducing treatment toxicity. As therapeutic paradigms continue to evolve, historical data may no longer accurately reflect the toxicity profile of contemporary treatments. Therefore, prospective, molecularly annotated survivorship studies are needed to determine whether recent advances in treatment will lead to sustained improvements in health, functionality, and quality of life.