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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
Published on: August 13, 2019
Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors in Cardioimmunology: Implications in Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutic
Hongjian Hou1, Gabriel K Adzika2
1The College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.
Abstract:
Estrogen (E2) and estrogen receptors (ERs) play vital roles in conferring cardioprotection by modulating several immunological homeostatic responses in cardiovascular tissues. Over the recent decades, the role of inflammatory responses as a tangential component impacting cardiac function and disease are being appreciated and investigated to elucidate the underlying pathomechanisms, identify and develop therapeutic strategies; thus, the emergence of the multi-disciplinary field-cardioimmunology. Here, after summarizing expressions and functionalities of ERs in cellular constituents of the cardiovascular system, we discuss synergistic estrogenic signaling mechanisms preserving cardiovascular function and immune homeostasis. Next, we review studies implicating E2 and ERs in inflammation-driven cardiovascular disease initiation and progression and highlight therapeutic strategies and clinical implications to foster further research into promoting cardiovascular health.
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