Biomarkers of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Narrative Review

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) refers to musculoskeletal conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and surrounding tissues, often leading to pain, impaired function, and a diminished quality of life. Despite its clinical relevance, diagnosing and managing TMD remains complex due to its multifactorial etiology. Biomarkers, which are quantifiable indicators of biological processes, have gained attention as valuable tools for enhancing TMD diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. Various categories of biomarkers, such as molecular, genetic, sensory, and neuroimaging markers, have been investigated in TMD studies. Biomarker assessment typically employs non-invasive methods, including analysis of saliva, serum, or synovial fluid, and advanced imaging techniques. The incorporation of these biomarkers into clinical practice offers the potential for earlier diagnosis, more accurate prediction of treatment responses, and the development of individualized therapeutic strategies.