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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Hemodynamic Fluctuations During Tooth Extraction Under Local Anesthesia.

Sommya Kumari1, Mukesh Kumar2, Kumari Sneha3

  • 1Department of Dentistry, AIIMS, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India.

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences
|October 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Routine dental extractions with lignocaine and adrenaline caused temporary increases in blood pressure, particularly in females. Heart rate decreased post-extraction, while oxygen saturation remained stable, highlighting the need for managing patient anxiety during dental procedures.

Keywords:
Blood pressureheart ratehemodynamicstooth extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Surgery
  • Anesthesiology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology

Background:

  • Effective pain management is vital in dental practices.
  • Anesthetic agents and vasoconstrictors can cause hemodynamic changes during dental procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To observe hemodynamic changes during routine dental extractions performed with lignocaine and adrenaline.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, observational study involved 50 dental extraction patients (age 18-65).
  • Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were monitored before, during, and after extraction.
  • Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software.

Main Results:

  • Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased during anesthesia and extraction, decreasing postoperatively.
  • Blood pressure increases were more pronounced in females.
  • Heart rate decreased post-extraction, with no significant gender difference.
  • Peripheral oxygen saturation showed minimal fluctuations.

Conclusions:

  • Tooth extraction under local anesthesia with adrenaline causes transient hemodynamic changes.
  • Anxious and hypertensive patients may benefit from pre-procedure anxiety management, such as meditation or anxiolytic medication.