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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Frailty Assessment in an Aging Mouse Model
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Interaction Between Smoking and Olfactory Function on Frailty: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Guangyao Li1, Fangzhou Ye2, Keguang Chen1

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Shanghai PR China.

Health Science Reports
|October 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smoking and olfactory dysfunction synergistically increase frailty risk in older adults. Early screening for sensory changes and smoking cessation are crucial for preventing frailty.

Keywords:
NHANESfrailtyolfactory impairmentsmoking

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Frailty is a key aging syndrome linked to adverse outcomes.
  • Smoking and olfactory dysfunction are known frailty risk factors.
  • The interaction between smoking and olfactory dysfunction in frailty is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the independent and joint associations of smoking and olfactory function with frailty.
  • To examine potential synergistic effects between smoking and olfactory dysfunction on frailty risk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (2011-2014) from 5192 participants.
  • Assessed smoking status and self-reported olfactory function via questionnaires.
  • Defined frailty using a 36-item Frailty Index (FI > 0.2) and employed logistic regression for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Both current smoking and altered olfactory function were independently linked to higher frailty risk.
  • A significant interaction (P=0.001) was found between smoking and olfactory function.
  • Smokers with altered olfactory function exhibited the highest frailty odds (OR=2.49, 95% CI: 1.88-3.31).

Conclusions:

  • A synergistic relationship exists between smoking, olfactory dysfunction, and frailty.
  • Highlights the importance of sensory screening and behavioral assessment in older adults, particularly smokers.
  • Informs healthcare strategies for early frailty identification and prevention.