Silver nanoparticles as antifungal: from formulation to therapy in mycoses

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained prominence in the scientific literature as potential antifungal therapeutic agents, especially those obtained through biological synthesis, due to their superior physicochemical properties. This review examines formulations and patents incorporating AgNPs with antifungal activity, focusing on their applicability in the treatment of mycoses, particularly in vivo. Comparative data on the mechanism of action of AgNPs in planktonic cells and biofilms are presented, as well as transcriptional analyses in fungi exposed to these nanoparticles. The results demonstrate that formulations containing AgNPs have been applied in various contexts, such as wound dressings, in combination with pharmaceuticals, dental products, and cosmetics, reflecting the growing search for therapeutic alternatives, especially for superficial infections. In experimental models, AgNPs demonstrate applicability in the treatment of dermatomycoses and opportunistic mycoses, promoting healing, low toxicity, and reducing fungal load. They can be used alone or in combination with conventional antifungals. Although still poorly understood, the impact of AgNPs on fungal gene expression suggests modulation of virulence, with potential relevant therapeutic implications. The antifungal activity of AgNPs is effective, although the required concentration varies depending on the target - planktonic cells or biofilms. These data highlight the importance of expanding studies to other fungal pathogens.