The Transition to Parenthood Through Surrogacy Among Israeli Gay Fathers: Barriers, Resources, and Formative Time...

This study explores the experiences of Israeli gay fathers who became parents through transnational surrogacy, focusing on the transition to parenthood. Using a qualitative narrative approach, 14 fathers aged 32-51 participated in in-depth interviews about their parenting journeys. Findings reveal two types of barriers that delayed parenthood: personal barriers, including concerns, traumatic past events, and a lack of family support; and structural and social barriers, reflecting restrictive laws, high costs, and prejudice toward gay fathers. The findings highlighted three crucial resource types that enabled the start of the surrogacy process: emotional resources, including support from the spouse and the family; psychological resources, including positive personality components; and behavioral practice, including gradual exposure to children and families. It emerged that the transition to parenthood is a dynamic and fluid process that varies from person to person and occurs at different time points in their lives. The findings expanded the concept of "transition to parenthood" and challenged traditional parenting models according to which parenthood begins immediately after birth. The findings also highlighted the need for comprehensive help and support for gay fathers who are undergoing transnational surrogacy, comprehensive therapeutic training for therapists, and political legislation.