Balancing Robustness, Transparency, and Superwetting via Embedding Functional Nanoparticles in V-Groove Architectures

The development of robust transparent superamphiphobic (SAP) and superhydrophobic (SH) coatings remains challenging due to the inherent trade-offs between surface micro-nano architecture, optical clarity, liquid repellency, and mechanical resistance. Herein, a balancing strategy that combines femtosecond laser-etched V-groove microstructures on glass with functionalized SiO₂ nanoparticles is presented. This approach results in transparent and mechanically robust coatings with water and oil contact angles of 173.6° and 170.4°, respectively, while the average spectral transmittance, ranging from 380 to 1100 nm can be enhanced from 80.4% in the uncoated laser-etched glass to 82.1% in the SAP-coated etched glass. The etched V-groove architecture serves as a structural confinement framework, enhancing nanoparticle adhesion and providing mechanical robustness, thereby maintaining stable SH performance even after 50 abrasion cycles. As a sharp comparison, the SAP-coated non-etched sample loses its liquid repellency after 2 friction cycles. Furthermore, the SAP-coated sample demonstrates excellent chemical and environmental stability, retaining superwetting properties under acidic, neutral, salt environments, and prolonged UV illumination. The proposed method not only addresses the challenge of balancing optical transparency with superwetting performance and mechanical robustness but also offers a practical route for fabricating multifunctional coatings with self-cleaning and anti-icing, suitable for applications in architectural glazing and photovoltaics.