Forensic stature estimation: a systematic review of the correlation between footprints and individual height

Anthropometric identification is crucial in legal contexts, where height is a relevant distinguishing characteristic. The estimation of height through plantar impressions is a tool used in forensic podiatric examinations, and it is relevant to be familiar with the most suitable techniques for correlating the length of the footprints with height. This systematic review aims to evaluate forensic identification methods by analysing inked footprint collection and measurement techniques, their correlation with height, and the available scientific evidence. A systematic review of the available literature was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Dialnet. Descriptive observational studies linking the length of plantar impressions of healthy adults of both sexes with their height were included. Seven studies published between 2012 and 2020 were selected. All studies showed statistically significant correlations between height and plantar impression measurements, analyzed using Pearson´s correlation coefficient. The inked footprint method was the most widely used and demonstrated high reliability. Additionally, techniques based on foot contours and pedigraphs also showed strong correlations with height and foot length. However, the scientific evidence on this topic is limited, highlighting the need for further research to optimise these techniques and enhance their validity for forensic applications.