Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Types of Toxins

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla. Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Impact of chronic pain on the families of U.S. adults.

Pain reports·2026

Same author

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes with Co-Occurring Opioid and Stimulant Use Disorders.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026

Same author

Extremes of Fetal Fraction on Noninvasive Prenatal Screening and Placental Histopathology: Is There an Association?

Journal of clinical medicine·2025

Same author

Prescribing Patterns for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Journal of clinical medicine·2025

Same author

Substance use disorder and severe maternal morbidity: is there a differential impact?

American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM·2024

Same author

Plasma metabolomic signature of healthy lifestyle, structural brain reserve and risk of dementia.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Emerging Substances and Perinatal Health: A Narrative Review.

Cresta W Jones¹, Maria Manriquez, Niraj R Chavan

¹Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri.

Obstetrics and Gynecology

|October 30, 2025

Summary

Emerging perinatal substance exposures, including fentanyl adulterants and novel supplements, pose risks to pregnancy outcomes. Healthcare providers must inquire about and discuss these exposures due to limited data.

More Related Videos

Preclinical Model of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure to Assess Its Impact on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Preclinical Model of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure to Assess Its Impact on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Published on: February 28, 2025

Using Chicken Embryo as a Powerful Tool in Assessment of Developmental Cardiotoxicities

Using Chicken Embryo as a Powerful Tool in Assessment of Developmental Cardiotoxicities

Published on: March 21, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Preclinical Model of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure to Assess Its Impact on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Preclinical Model of Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure to Assess Its Impact on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Published on: February 28, 2025

Using Chicken Embryo as a Powerful Tool in Assessment of Developmental Cardiotoxicities

Using Chicken Embryo as a Powerful Tool in Assessment of Developmental Cardiotoxicities

Published on: March 21, 2021

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Perinatal Medicine
Toxicology

Background:

Perinatal substance exposure is a rapidly evolving area.
Emerging substances include fentanyl adulterants (xylazine, nitazenes, medetomidine), novel supplements (kratom, tianeptine), and repurposed medications (ketamine).
Limited data exists on the outcomes of these new exposures.

Purpose of the Study:

To review common emerging substances in perinatal exposure in the US.
To discuss potential effects on pregnancy outcomes.
To emphasize comprehensive exposure inquiry and risk minimization strategies.

Main Methods:

Narrative review of current literature.
Identification of commonly emerging substances.
Discussion of potential impacts on perinatal health.

Main Results:

Fentanyl, xylazine, nitazenes, medetomidine, kratom, tianeptine, and ketamine are among emerging perinatal exposures.
These substances may pose significant risks to pregnancy outcomes.
There is a critical need for more research on these exposures.

Conclusions:

Healthcare providers must be aware of emerging perinatal substance exposures.
Comprehensive substance use history is crucial for pregnant individuals.
Risk reduction strategies are essential given limited data on novel substances.