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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Intercalation-induced staging superstructures in KxNbSe2.

Qiwei Wang1, Ying-Jie Li1, Xuan Du1

  • 1National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|October 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We intercalated potassium into niobium diselenide (NbSe2) single crystals, creating superstructures that lead to stepwise superconductivity transitions. This reveals how atomic intercalation impacts material properties at the nanoscale.

Keywords:
intercalationsuperconductivitysuperstructurevan der Waals material

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Solid State Chemistry

Background:

  • Atomic intercalation is a key method for tuning physical properties in layered van der Waals materials.
  • Understanding the structural evolution during intercalation, especially at the microscopic level, remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural changes and resulting superconducting properties of potassium-intercalated 2H-niobium diselenide (KxNbSe2).
  • To provide direct evidence of intercalation-induced superstructures and their effect on superconductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of KxNbSe2 samples using a liquid ammonia method for intercalating potassium (K) into 2H-NbSe2 single crystals.
  • Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze structural evolution and superstructures.

Main Results:

  • Formation of superstructures in KxNbSe2, well-described by a staging model with periods up to ~50 nm.
  • Observation of stepwise superconductivity transitions correlating with the intercalation-induced superstructures.

Conclusions:

  • Direct evidence of intercalation-induced superstructures in KxNbSe2 was established.
  • The study demonstrates a direct link between structural superlattices and stepwise superconducting transitions in intercalated van der Waals materials.