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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

18.7K

Migraine

Henry H Chen1, Kelly M Heath2, Palak R Patel1

  • 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 1800 Lombard Street, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|October 30, 2025
PubMed

Migraine, a common primary headache disorder, ranks second only to low back pain as a leading cause of disability. Proposed mechanisms include vasodilation, trigeminovascular activation, and neurogenic inflammation. Diagnosis is clinical, as no biomarker exists, and the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 has clinical criteria for diagnosis. Differentiating migraine from other conditions can be challenging, with "red" and "green flags" guiding assessment. Treatment includes acute and preventive options, with calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibitors and neuromodulation as newer strategies. Complementary therapies and botulinum toxin injections may also benefit those with chronic migraine.

Keywords:
Botulinum toxinHeadacheMigraineMindfulnessTrigeminovascularVasodilation

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