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Surgical Capabilities in Spaceflight.

Carlo A Canepa1, Kaleigh A Stabenau2

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK, USA.

The Surgical Clinics of North America
|October 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Future space missions beyond Earth orbit necessitate surgical capabilities for astronauts due to extended durations. This review covers the history, challenges, and potential of space surgery, considering unique environmental and physiological factors.

Keywords:
Exploration-class missionLong-duration spaceflightMicrogravitySpace surgerySpace travelSpaceflightWeightlessness

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Area of Science:

  • Space medicine
  • Surgical sciences
  • Aerospace medicine

Background:

  • Current Low Earth Orbit (LEO) missions have short evacuation times, negating the need for surgical intervention.
  • Extended mission durations to the Moon, Mars, and beyond present significant challenges for crew health, including medical emergencies.
  • The absence of immediate medical evacuation capabilities in deep space necessitates autonomous medical and surgical care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of surgical capabilities for space exploration.
  • To identify and discuss the unique challenges associated with performing surgery in the space environment.
  • To explore the future potential and requirements for space-based surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of historical and current research on space medicine and surgery.
  • Analysis of physiological and environmental factors impacting surgical procedures in space.
  • Examination of technological and training requirements for future space surgical missions.

Main Results:

  • Past space missions did not require surgical capabilities due to rapid return to Earth.
  • Deep space missions demand advanced surgical training and onboard capabilities for crew safety.
  • Key challenges include microgravity, radiation, limited resources, and psychological stress.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical readiness is critical for long-duration space exploration beyond LEO.
  • Development of specialized training, equipment, and protocols is essential for space surgery.
  • Addressing physiological, environmental, and practical concerns will enable safe and effective surgical care in space.