Lupus enteritis and peritonitis as a first presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report

SLE is a chronic autoimmune illness that affects several systems. Gastrointestinal abnormalities, although uncommon, can be dangerous and frequently go undiagnosed due to vague symptoms. Lupus enteritis and peritonitis are serious consequences. Lupus enteritis affects up to 9.7% of SLE patients and causes stomach discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea. It frequently involves intestinal vasculitis, which results in gut wall thickening and, in extreme instances, ischemia or perforation. Lupus peritonitis is very uncommon. Differentiating them from other causes of stomach discomfort is critical. This case emphasizes the diagnostic problems, imaging results, and the significance of early, focused therapy for better outcomes.

A 38-year-old lady from Hebron, Palestine, reported 3 days of increasing, colicky abdominal discomfort, bloody vomiting, and black feces. She had a three-year history of migrating polyarthralgia, photosensitivity, alopecia, and two first-trimester losses. Her cousins' family history indicated rheumatoid arthritis and hypothyroidism. Upon examination, she seemed pale and unwell, with stomach discomfort and right basal lung crepitations. Laboratory results revealed microcytic anemia, lymphopenia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, increased ESR and CRP, and a positive Coombs test. High levels of ANA, anti-dsDNA, and anti-Sm antibodies proved systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The imaging indicated a pulmonary embolism, pleural effusion, and thickening of the jejunal wall. Methylprednisolone and anticoagulant treatment were started. Gastroscopy indicated hemorrhagic gastritis, and paracentesis revealed exudative ascitic fluid due to ascites worsening. The patient was given cyclophosphamide with mesna, which showed improvement. The patient improved on treatment with prednisolone, hydroxychloroquine, and a proton pump inhibitor after discharge. Follow-up showed continued recovery without recurrence of symptoms.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune illness that causes uncommon gastrointestinal symptoms such as lupus enteritis and peritonitis. This case demonstrates their simultaneous occurrence, underscoring the need to include SLE in the workup for gastrointestinal symptoms. Proper diagnosis by laboratories, imaging, and gastroscopy is critical since early intervention dramatically improves patient outcomes.

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