Botanical Anthelmintics: A Trending Approach to Control Gastrointestinal Diseases in Ruminants

Anthelmintic resistance in livestock is an escalating global concern, as synthetic anthelmintics tend to lose their efficacy within 2-10 years of their routine usage. This rapid development of resistance results in significant economic losses and threatens the sustainability of livestock production systems. Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism, a primary health challenge in ruminants, significantly impairs productivity, fertility, and overall animal welfare. Environmental factors such as high humidity, temperature fluctuations, and poor management practices further predispose animals to certain parasitic infections. In recent years, the search for alternative solutions has led to a growing interest in plant-derived anthelmintics. These botanical compounds, rich in bioactive phytochemicals, offer a promising and eco-friendly approach to controlling parasites by targeting their metabolism, reproduction, and structural integrity. Unlike synthetic drugs, herbal anthelmintics are often associated with fewer side effects, reduced toxicity, and a lower risk of developing possible resistance. Several medicinal plants, such as Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Artemisia absinthium, and Fumaria parviflora, have demonstrated potent anthelmintic properties in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, synergistic effects among multiple phytochemicals can enhance efficacy and broaden the spectrum of activity against diverse helminths. This review highlights the efficacy, mechanisms of action, and practical applications of herbal remedies in controlling parasitic infections in ruminants. Emphasizing the integration of natural remedies into sustainable livestock health programs, this approach holds great potential to reduce reliance on synthetic drugs while improving animal health, productivity, and farm profitability.