Barriers and opportunities for female participation in orthopedic surgery: An Indian perspective

Orthopedic surgery remains one of the least gender-diverse medical specialties in India, with women comprising only about 1% of the workforce. Therefore, it is of interest to explore the barriers that deter female medical students and early-career doctors from pursuing orthopedics, including lack of mentorship, perceived physical demands, gender bias, and concerns over work-life balance. A cross-sectional survey of 250 female trainees across India revealed low interest in orthopedics despite recognition of its financial and career potential. Societal stereotypes and absence of female role models significantly influenced career preferences. Addressing these barriers through structured mentorship, inclusivity in training, and gender-sensitive reforms may improve female representation in orthopedics.