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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Related Experiment Video

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Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
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Glaucoma and cardiovascular disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.

Dongdong Jin1, Jie Sun2, Wei Zhang3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao, Shandong, China.

Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
|October 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glaucoma may protect against myocardial infarction (MI), while unstable angina (UAP) and high blood pressure (HBP) increase glaucoma risk. This Mendelian randomization study explores causal links between glaucoma and cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Keywords:
Mendelian randomization analysiscardiovascular diseasecausal relationshipgenetic correlationglaucoma

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Cardiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Glaucoma and cardiovascular disease (CVD) share reported associations.
  • Investigating a potential causal link is crucial for understanding disease mechanisms and patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential causal relationship between glaucoma and various cardiovascular diseases (CVD) using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.
  • To clarify whether glaucoma influences CVD risk or vice versa.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data for glaucoma and multiple CVDs (unstable angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, myocardial infarct, heart failure, ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism).
  • Employed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, with inverse variance weighting (IVW) as the primary method.
  • Conducted sensitivity analyses and statistical power tests to ensure robustness.

Main Results:

  • Glaucoma was causally associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) (OR: 0.94, P=0.012).
  • Genetic susceptibility to unstable angina pectoris (UAP) (OR: 1.12, P=0.022), coronary artery disease (CAD) (OR: 1.1, P=0.041), and high blood pressure (HBP) (OR: 1.83, P=0.002) were significantly linked to an increased risk of glaucoma.
  • High blood pressure (HBP) was confirmed as a risk factor for glaucoma (P=0.0017).

Conclusions:

  • Glaucoma may act as a protective factor against myocardial infarction.
  • Unstable angina pectoris and high blood pressure are identified as risk factors for developing glaucoma.
  • Findings suggest potential targets for preventing and managing both glaucoma and cardiovascular diseases.