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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

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Similarities and Differences in Diagnostic Criteria.

Yucan Chen1, Zhengde Wei2

  • 1Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|October 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Substance and non-substance addictions share common symptoms, but non-substance criteria need more validation. Animal models are advancing for addiction research, particularly for gambling disorder.

Keywords:
Diagnostic criteriaNon-substance addictionSubstance addiction

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Diagnostic criteria for substance addictions are well-established.
  • Non-substance addictions like gambling, internet, food, and hypersexual disorders present unique diagnostic challenges.
  • Understanding shared and distinct features is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare and contrast diagnostic criteria for substance and non-substance addictions.
  • To evaluate the current state and future potential of animal models in addiction research.
  • To explore the utility of established addiction research paradigms for novel applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review and comparison of established diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders.
  • Outline and analysis of proposed diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder, internet addiction, food addiction, and hypersexual disorder.
  • Discussion of the application and limitations of animal models, including self-administration and conditioned place preference paradigms.

Main Results:

  • Substance and non-substance addictions exhibit significant symptom overlap.
  • Diagnostic criteria for non-substance addictions are useful for prevalence assessment but require further validation.
  • Current animal models for gambling disorder lack full diagnostic validity, though evolving models show promise.
  • Classic animal models for substance addiction are being adapted for gambling disorder research.

Conclusions:

  • Despite shared symptoms, non-substance addiction diagnostic criteria require enhanced validation.
  • Animal models are critical for advancing addiction research, with ongoing efforts to improve their validity for disorders like gambling.
  • Further development of animal models, informed by substance addiction paradigms, is essential for a comprehensive understanding of addiction.