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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...

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Development of charge reset multiplexing for SiPMs using deep learning architecture.

Semin Kim¹, Chanho Kim², Minhwan Park^1,3

¹Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Physics in Medicine and Biology

|October 31, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Charge-reset multiplexing reduces 16 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) channels to one, preserving signal data. This method enables cost-effective, high-density detector systems for nuclear medicine.

Keywords:

autoencoder charge-reset circuit deep learning multiplexing nuclear medicine imaging

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Area of Science:

Nuclear physics and instrumentation
Deep learning applications in signal processing
Detector readout electronics

Background:

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are crucial in high-density detector systems.
Increasing channel counts in SiPM arrays escalates system cost and complexity.
Efficient readout methods are needed to manage large numbers of detector channels.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a charge-reset multiplexing technique for SiPMs.
To reduce 16 readout channels to a single output line.
To maintain per-channel waveform information for advanced signal processing.

Main Methods:

Each SiPM channel uses a charge-reset preamplifier encoding identity via pulse width.
Pulses from all channels are summed into a single output signal.
A deep learning autoencoder reconstructs individual signals from the summed trace.

Main Results:

Reconstructed signals yielded energy resolutions comparable to non-multiplexed systems (10.84% for 137Cs, 16.12% for 22Na).
Per-channel signal recovery enabled identification and removal of inter-crystal scatter (ICS).
Clear flood maps were generated, demonstrating effective ICS rejection.

Conclusions:

Charge-reset multiplexing significantly reduces channel count without compromising performance.
The method retains per-channel information essential for advanced processing like ICS rejection.
This technique is suitable for integrated implementations and broad application in high-density detectors for nuclear medicine.