Enabling real-world community pharmacy research: A realist review of practice-based research networks (PBRNs)

Engaging pharmacists in research and bridging the research-practice divide is a persistent challenge. Practice-based research networks aim to support research engagement, overcome research barriers, and generate evidence to advance practice. However, the outcomes of existing networks remain unexplored. Thus, the objectives of this realist review are: 1) to develop and refine a realist program theory to explain how and why these networks support research engagement and knowledge translation, for whom and in what contexts and 2) to provide preliminary recommendations to optimise network outcomes.

An initial program theory was developed, followed by an iterative process of formal and complementary searching. Data was selected, appraised, extracted, organised, and synthesised using a realist approach to refine the program theory.

The refined program theory consisted of 12 context-mechanism-outcome configurations that explain the two key drivers of network success: 1) mutual benefits for a diverse range of actively engaged researchers and pharmacists, and 2) sustainable resourcing and maintenance of strategic collaborative partnerships. Stakeholder recommendations are underpinned by the modifiable contexts and resources that underscore optimal network outcomes.

A realist program theory was developed to explain how research networks may be used to bridge the divide between research and community pharmacy practice. The theory explains the causal processes underpinning successful outcomes and informs preliminary recommendations for network development, implementation, and maintenance. The review provides a robust foundation to explain how networks can optimise community pharmacy research. Futher research is warranted to confirm their translational potential.