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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Convergent Evolution01:54

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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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SARS-CoV-2 Evolution in Humans Enables Its Transmission to Nonhuman Primates.

Yu-Ting Chiu1, Yu-Sung Huang2, Max Yu-Chen Pan1

  • 1Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan R.O.C.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|November 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human-driven evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants has enhanced their ability to infect New World monkeys, overcoming species barriers. Ongoing surveillance is crucial to prevent future reverse zoonosis events.

Keywords:
ACE2coronaviruscross-species transmissionnonhuman primatesreceptor-binding domainspike

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Primate Health

Background:

  • Zoonotic viruses can transmit from animals to humans, but reverse zoonosis (human to animal) is less understood.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic offered a chance to study SARS-CoV-2 evolution and its cross-species transmission potential.
  • New World monkeys (NWMs) possess specific ACE2 receptor variations creating a barrier to wild-type SARS-CoV-2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 variants gain infectivity towards New World monkey ACE2 receptors.
  • To identify key viral mutations responsible for overcoming species barriers in nonhuman primates.
  • To assess the evolving risk of reverse zoonosis from humans to NWMs.

Main Methods:

  • Pseudovirus assays using HeLa cells expressing NWM ACE2 (nwmACE2).
  • Analysis of infectivity of various SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Delta, Omicron, XBB, JN.1 lineages).
  • Molecular dynamics simulations and mutation prioritization frameworks to identify critical viral residues.

Main Results:

  • Early SARS-CoV-2 variants (WT, Alpha) showed no infectivity towards nwmACE2.
  • Later variants, particularly Omicron sublineages like XBB, demonstrated robust infectivity against nwmACE2.
  • Recent lineages (JN.1, LB.1, KP.3.1.1) maintained reduced but persistent cross-species infectivity.
  • Key mutations in the receptor-binding domain (e.g., N405, R452, Y501) were identified as critical for adaptation to NWM ACE2.

Conclusions:

  • Human-driven SARS-CoV-2 evolution has progressively enabled adaptation to NWM ACE2 receptors.
  • Synergistic effects of specific mutations allow viral variants to overcome primate species barriers.
  • Findings highlight the increasing potential for reverse zoonosis and the need for enhanced surveillance in nonhuman primates.