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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA
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Oral Microbiome Signatures in Periodontitis and Edentulism-A Population-Based Study.

Preethi Balan1,2, Fabio R M Leite1,2,3, John Rong Hao Tay4,5

  • 1National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.

Journal of Periodontal Research
|November 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Oral microbiome diversity changes with periodontitis severity, declining in edentulism. Key bacterial genera shift, with implications for dental implants.

Keywords:
Defluviitaleaceae_UCG‐011bacteriabiofilmdysbiosisepidemiologic factorsetiologyinflammationmicrobiologypathogenesisperiodontal diseasessaliva

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Area of Science:

  • Oral microbiology
  • Periodontology
  • Microbiome analysis

Background:

  • Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease affecting tooth-supporting structures.
  • Edentulism, or tooth loss, is a severe outcome of untreated oral diseases.
  • The oral microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining oral health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between the oral microbiome, periodontitis, and edentulism.
  • To analyze bacterial diversity and composition in relation to periodontitis severity and tooth loss.
  • To identify specific bacterial taxa associated with periodontitis and edentulism.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 5299 US adults using NHANES 2009-2012 data.
  • 16S rRNA gene sequencing of oral rinse samples.
  • Assessment of periodontitis using the 2017 AAP/EFP classification and ACES framework.
  • Evaluation of bacterial diversity (alpha and beta) and taxonomic composition using multivariable models.

Main Results:

  • Alpha diversity increased with periodontitis severity but decreased with extensive tooth loss and edentulism.
  • Subtle differences in beta diversity were observed across periodontitis stages.
  • Periodontitis was associated with enrichment of genera like Porphyromonas and Prevotella, and depletion of Rothia.
  • 13 genera were commonly altered in edentulous individuals and severe periodontitis cases.

Conclusions:

  • Oral microbiome alpha diversity follows a U-shaped curve with periodontitis progression and edentulism.
  • Taxonomic shifts involve specific periodontitis-associated bacteria and Jonquetella.
  • The persistence of these bacteria in edentulous individuals has implications for implant dentistry.