Public Health Guidelines for Social Connection: An International Delphi Study

Loneliness and social isolation are linked to increased morbidity and mortality, with health risks comparable to sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition. Promoting social connection has therefore become a global public health priority. Evidence-based guidelines could help raise awareness of the health impacts of disconnection, shape individual behaviors, and inform community programs and policies.

This study aimed to develop recommended public health guidelines for social connection using a Delphi methodology.

Experts from diverse subfields of Psychology were recruited through networks, nominations, and targeted invitations. In Round 1, open-text responses identified key principles and potential guidelines for individuals and communities. A grounded thematic analysis synthesized these responses into draft guidelines. In subsequent rounds, experts rated their support for each statement. Guidelines with ≥80 % expert endorsement were refined through focus groups.

The final product included 12 guidelines: six for individuals and six for communities. Community guidelines focus on: (1) raising awareness of connection, (2) supporting social-emotional development, (3) prioritizing social health in policy, (4) designing connection-friendly environments, (5) promoting accessibility and inclusion, and (6) measuring social wellbeing. Individual guidelines emphasize: (1) making connection a lifelong priority, (2) cultivating a positive social outlook, (3) building diverse networks, (4) prioritizing meaningful interactions, (5) developing new relationships, and (6) using technology wisely.

These expert-informed guidelines may serve as a framework for advancing individual and population-level efforts to strengthen social wellbeing.