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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture

Published on: July 10, 2013

Multi-Material Droplet-Based Hydrogel Threads for Extrusion 3D Printing.

Dor Tillinger¹, Nicholas X Armendarez¹, Joseph S Najem¹

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 336 Reber Building, State College, PA, 16802, USA.

|November 3, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel multi-material 3D printing method using hydrogel threads. It overcomes limitations of existing techniques, enabling precise fabrication of complex soft structures for advanced applications.

Keywords:

droplet interface bilayers droplet‐based printing hydrogels microfluidics multifunctional materials multi‐material 3D printing oil siphoning

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Last Updated: Jan 6, 2026

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Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

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Published on: May 17, 2022

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Engineering
Microfluidics
3D Printing Technologies

Background:

Multi-material 3D printing is crucial for complex structures but faces challenges with viscosity and cross-contamination.
Existing extrusion and inkjet printing methods have inherent limitations in precision, scalability, and material handling.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an innovative multi-material hydrogel thread fabrication technique.
To integrate the advantages of extrusion and inkjet printing for enhanced soft structure manufacturing.

Main Methods:

Utilized a microfluidic chip to generate distinct hydrogel droplets within an oil stream.
Employed phospholipids in the oil phase to prevent fusion and promote adhesion between droplets.
Deposited assembled hydrogel threads using a 3-axis stage for precise structure formation.

Main Results:

Successfully fabricated multi-material hydrogel threads with minimized cross-contamination.
Demonstrated high-resolution structure printing, including complex Hilbert curve patterns.
Achieved precise material deposition and effective compartmentalization in soft structures.

Conclusions:

The developed technique bridges the gap between extrusion and inkjet printing for soft materials.
Enables scalable production of complex, multi-material structures with diverse properties.
Offers significant potential for applications in tissue engineering, soft robotics, and biofabrication.