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Hematopoiesis01:21

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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Enumeration of Major Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Populations for Multicenter Clinical Trials Using a Whole Blood Phenotyping Assay
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Reporting and enrollment disparities in hematologic malignancy trials between 2000-2023.

Inna Y Gong1,2, Bahar Rafinejad-Farahani1, Haris Majeed1

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada.

Leukemia & Lymphoma
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Diversity in hematologic malignancy clinical trials remains a challenge. Black and Hispanic patients are underrepresented, highlighting the need for better demographic reporting and representation targets.

Keywords:
Clinical trial enrollmentdisparityhematologic malignancyleukemialymphomamyeloma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Clinical Trials
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Despite efforts to improve diversity, clinical trials for hematologic malignancies (HM) continue to show persistent disparities.
  • Enrollment of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups in HM clinical trials lags behind general population benchmarks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess trends in demographic reporting (race and ethnicity) and participant representation in US-based phase II-III HM clinical trials from 2000 to 2023.
  • To compare enrollment data with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) benchmarks to identify specific disparities.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of 1,230 US-based phase II-III HM clinical trials involving 149,434 participants.
  • Analysis of demographic reporting rates and participant demographics, comparing trials initiated before and after 2016, and by sponsor type (NIH, institutional, industry).

Main Results:

  • Race was reported in 59% of trials and ethnicity in 40%, with significant improvements in reporting for trials initiated after 2016.
  • Black and Hispanic individuals were consistently underrepresented, particularly in multiple myeloma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia trials.
  • NIH-sponsored trials showed higher odds of reporting demographics and enrolled more Black participants compared to institutional and industry trials.

Conclusions:

  • Significant disparities in race and ethnicity reporting and participant representation persist in hematologic malignancy clinical trials.
  • Enforceable mandates for demographic reporting and representation targets are crucial to ensure equitable access and generalizability of trial findings.