A Review of Antioxidant Activity, Anti-Inflammatory Properties, Apoptosis-Regulatory Effects, and Immune System...

The search for natural sources of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-regulatory compounds, and immunomodulators has gained attention in recent years due to their potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of disorders. Juglans regia L. (J. regia L.) or walnut has been identified as a promising candidate, with numerous studies indicating its advantageous effects on human health. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-regulatory, and immunomodulatory properties of J. regia L. An extensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases to find relevant research on the effects of J. regia L. on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune modulation. The search encompassed articles published up to August 2024, and in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials were included. Walnut possesses potent antioxidant activity, attributed to its rich content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds. These components have been demonstrated to scavenge free radicals, alleviate oxidative stress, and prevent cellular damage. J. regia L. inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators and pathways, including cytokines, cyclooxygenase enzymes, and NF-κB activation. It also exhibits apoptosis-regulatory properties, potentially influencing programmed cell death pathways. Furthermore, walnut has immunomodulatory properties that regulate immune cell function, modulate cytokine production, and enhance immunological responses. J. regia L. represents a valuable natural source of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, apoptosis-regulatory agents, and immunomodulators. The walnut's rich phytochemical profile contributes to its therapeutic potential in combating oxidative stress and inflammation, regulating apoptosis and immune responses. More research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and maximize the use of walnut-based therapies for the prevention and treatment of a variety of disorders linked to oxidative damage, inflammation, apoptosis, and immunological dysregulation.