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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
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Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Published on: May 2, 2018

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Antibiotic Resistance: A Genetic and Physiological Perspective

Rania G Elbaiomy1, Ahmed H El-Sappah2,3, Rong Guo4

  • 1Department of Biological Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong China.

Medcomm
|November 3, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Antimicrobial resistance is a global crisis, with bacteria evolving new defense mechanisms against antibiotics. This review explores resistance mechanisms and highlights AI-driven solutions for developing new antibiotics.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, diminishing antibiotic efficacy.
  • Bacterial resistance has escalated since 1947, leading to increased mortality, prolonged hospitalizations, and higher healthcare costs.
  • Mechanisms of resistance include genetic alterations, horizontal gene transfer, enzyme production (e.g., β-lactamase), efflux pumps, biofilm formation, and metabolic changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial resistance across bacterial taxa.
  • To elucidate the physiological and genetic underpinnings of antimicrobial resistance.
  • To examine the current therapeutic strategies and emerging technologies for combating AMR.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of genetic and physiological processes in resistant bacteria.
  • Survey of current and novel therapeutic approaches, including AI-driven methods.

Main Results:

  • Bacteria employ diverse strategies to develop resistance, influenced by environmental factors and antibiotic exposure.
  • Overuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, poor infection control, and pollution accelerate resistance.
  • Cutting-edge methods like AI offer promising avenues for antibiotic discovery and resistance prediction.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding resistance mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Integrated strategies addressing antibiotic use, infection control, and environmental factors are necessary.
  • Artificial intelligence presents a transformative approach to combatting the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.
Keywords:
antibiotic resistancebiofilmcoccoidefflux pumpsgenetic mutationsβ‐lactamases

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