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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis

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Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
Endocytosis is a cellular mechanism that involves the inward folding of the cell membrane to create vesicles that capture and transport large drug molecules. This process comprises two distinct methods: pinocytosis (often referred to as "cell drinking") and phagocytosis (often referred to as "cell...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Related Experiment Video

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Enhancing Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Extracellular Vesicles (CAR-EV) Technology: The Future of Cancer Therapy
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Enhancing Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Extracellular Vesicles (CAR-EV) Technology: The Future of Cancer Therapy

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Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutic Cargo Delivery for Cancer Therapy.

Zhiben Huang1, Jiaqing Cheng2, Zhimin Deng1

  • 1College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, People's Republic of China.

International Journal of Nanomedicine
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising nanocarriers for cancer therapy due to their natural targeting and drug delivery capabilities. Engineering EVs enhances their precision, overcoming challenges for clinical use in oncology.

Keywords:
clinical translationdrug loadingimmunotherapynanocarrierstargeted delivery

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In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles with inherent biological advantages for drug delivery.
  • EVs possess low immunogenicity, natural targeting, and can transfer bioactive molecules between cells.
  • Recent engineering advancements enhance EV accuracy and efficiency for tumor-specific therapeutic delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biogenesis, composition, and advantages of EVs in cancer treatment.
  • To discuss EV engineering, cargo-loading methods, and tumor-targeting strategies.
  • To summarize therapeutic applications, clinical trials, and challenges of EV-mediated cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on extracellular vesicle biogenesis and engineering.
  • Systematic summary of EV applications in chemotherapy, nucleic acid therapy, and cancer vaccines.
  • Analysis of clinical trials and challenges in the clinical translation of EV-based therapies.

Main Results:

  • EVs offer unique advantages over conventional nanocarriers for cancer treatment.
  • Engineered EVs demonstrate improved tumor-specific targeting and therapeutic delivery efficiency.
  • Diverse applications include drug delivery, nucleic acid therapies, cancer vaccines, and theranostics.

Conclusions:

  • EVs hold significant therapeutic potential in oncology, offering precise and personalized treatment options.
  • Overcoming challenges in manufacturing and regulation is crucial for clinical translation.
  • Future advancements could establish EVs as key tools in precision cancer therapy.