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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
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Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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Misidentification syndrome: A narrative review.

Sandeep Grover1, Nidhi Yadav1, Yash Saini1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

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|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Delusional misidentification syndromes (DMSs) are rare, affecting psychiatric and neurological patients. This review synthesizes current knowledge on DMS, highlighting diagnostic challenges and limited treatment data.

Keywords:
Assessmentdelusional misidentificationdelusionsmanagement

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Delusional misidentification syndromes (DMSs) have a long history, with significant developments in the 19th and 20th centuries.
  • Existing reviews lack updated, comprehensive information on DMS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated, comprehensive narrative review of Delusional Misidentification Syndromes (DMSs).
  • To cover historical aspects, classification, clinical features, epidemiology, etiology, assessment, differential diagnosis, and management.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted multiple internet searches to identify relevant literature on DMSs.
  • Organized the gathered literature under distinct headings for a structured review.

Main Results:

  • DMSs are classified diversely and occur in patients with psychiatric disorders and neurological conditions.
  • Prevalence rates for DMSs range widely from 5.2% to 81.6%.
  • Distinguishing DMSs from disorientation, visual/memory issues, depersonalization, derealization, and dissociative disorders is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • DMSs are infrequent in primary psychiatric disorders and organic conditions.
  • There is a notable lack of information regarding the effective management of DMSs.
  • Future research should focus on evaluating antipsychotic efficacy for DMS patients.