Advancements in biodegradable implants: evaluation in large animal surgical models

Biodegradable implants significantly advance regenerative medicine and orthopedic surgery, offering temporary mechanical support while facilitating natural tissue regeneration. Unlike permanent implants, biodegradable materials eliminate the need for secondary removal surgeries, reducing patient risk and healthcare costs. Recent innovations in biomaterials - such as magnesium-based alloys, polymeric composites, and bio-ceramics - have led to the development of implants with enhanced biocompatibility, controlled degradation rates, and improved mechanical performance. Additionally, the advent of 3D (three-dimensions) printing and additive manufacturing has enabled the creation of patient-specific scaffolds with complex geometries tailored for optimized tissue integration. Evaluating these implants in large animal surgical models, including pigs, sheep, and goats, is critical for bridging the gap between laboratory research and human clinical applications. These models provide anatomical and physiological parallels to human systems, offering valuable insights into implant behavior, degradation kinetics, tissue response, and functional outcomes under realistic biomechanical conditions. However, species-specific differences and variability in healing responses present ongoing challenges in directly translating findings. Emerging technologies, such as smart implants embedded with biosensors, bioactive surface coatings, and artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic tools, continue to enhance implant functionality and monitoring capabilities. Despite these advancements, challenges persist in achieving optimal degradation profiles, managing inflammatory responses, and maintaining mechanical integrity throughout the healing process.