The chicken chorioallantoic membrane model for human surgeries and implants

The fertilized chick egg, particularly its chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), has emerged as a valuable model in biomedical research due to its extensive applications in vascular studies, cancer investigations, surgical advancements including neurological, gynecological, urological, and retinal procedures, drug evaluation, and implant assessments. This review provides an in-depth examination of the chicken genome, structural composition of CAM, developmental progression, vascularization patterns, and cellular regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, it underscores the CAM's significance in assessing therapeutic kinetics, biocompatibility, biodistribution, and drug effectiveness. A particular focus is placed on its role in analyzing vascular-disrupting agents (VDAs) for cancer treatment, alongside the incorporation of advanced imaging technologies such as photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging, ultrasound techniques, and AI-driven detection methods for real-time vascular monitoring. By evaluating its advantages, limitations, and applications, this study establishes that CAM is a crucial alternative model for biomedical research, facilitating enhanced experimental design and methodological refinement.